After a long period of relative calm in the US banking system, the back-to-back failures of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) (NASDAQ:SIVB) and Signature Bank (NASDAQ:SBNY) the second- and third-largest bank failures in the countrys historyhave depositors and markets on edge.

Looking to shore up confidence in the system and prevent the infection from spreading, a coterie of US authoritiesincluding the Federal Reserve, Treasury and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporationintervened over the weekend. As of March 13, these measures appear to have been at least partially successful. Though market volatility remains elevated, the selloff in broad equity indexes has abated for now. Regional bank stocks have not been as fortunate; the S&P Regional Banks Select Industry Index opened Monday morning down more than 14%, and trading was halted in several stocks during the day. In contrast, perceived safe havens like gold and US Treasuries have rallied.1

Contagion is a difficult thing to predict, and we wont attempt to do so here. That said, the idiosyncratic nature of these bank failures and the intervention of US authorities suggest that containment may be the likely outcome of this episode. While some observers may hear echoes of 2008 in recent headlines, the magnitude of and reason for last weeks failures point to something less far-reachingwhich is not to say that broad-based fallout from these events is not possible. Further, these failures highlight the pronounced vulnerabilities inherent in todays financial system and the potential for unintended consequences as policymakers attempt to unwind years of highly accommodative monetary policy. They also underscore why the Global Value team seeks to build resilient portfolios through rigorous security selection and thoughtful diversification, often complemented by holdings in gold as a potential hedge against extreme market events.

Bank Failures Highlight Cracks in the System

Despite being little known outside of its customer base of venture capital-backed tech names, Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) grew to be the 16th largest bank in the US. The banks deposits nearly doubled over the course of 2021 in conjunction with a massive increase in venture capital investment, and by the end of the year it had nearly $190 billion on its books. With more deposit assets than it could profitably lend out given rock-bottom interest rates, SVB sought to boost profits through an investment portfolio focused on longer-term agency mortgage-backed securities.2 While these highly rated securities carried minimal credit risk, their long durations made them susceptible to rising interest rates.

The beginning of the end for SVB likely can be traced back to the early-2022 commencement of fed fund rate hikes. Rising interest rates weighed on the venture capital investment that fueled SVBs rapid growth, and its customer base was now burning cash rather than hoarding it. More impactful, however, was that rising interest rates were punishing the extensive long-dated fixed-rate bond holdings in SVBs portfolio.

A press release issued by SVB on Wednesday, March 8, set the end game into motion. The bank reported that it had sold $21 billion of securities from its investment portfolio for an after-tax loss of $1.8 billion and planned to issue $2.25 billion of new shares, ostensibly to plug the hole these sales left in its balance sheet.3 Prominent venture capitalists advised their clients to pull their money from the banks, and the run was on. On March 10, SVB was closed by California authorities and the FDIC was appointed as receiver. While SVB depositors with balances under the $250,000 insurance threshold were expected to have access to their funds within days, the fate of larger deposits was murky.4

This lack of clarity raised concerns about the safety of bank deposits in general and produced runs at other banks deemed vulnerable in the uncertain environment. Among these were crypto-focused Signature Bank, which had nearly $90 billion in deposits at the end of 2022. Signature lacked the bond-portfolio overhang of SVB, but its concentration of clients in the digi-tal-asset world appeared to undermine confidence in its ability to continue meeting its obligations amid increasing risk aversion in the bank space. Signature was shuttered on March 12.5

That same day, US regulators announced extraordinary action to protect customer deposits in these two banks and to bolster wavering confidence in the nations banking system. The FDIC vowed to fully protect all SVB and Signature depositors, including those with accounts in excess of its $250,000 insurance ceiling; notably, such accounts represent more than 90% of depositors at both banks, which made them particularly susceptible to bank runs.6 The Fed introduced a new Bank Term Funding Program that offers short-term loans against collateral valued at par, which is intended to reduce the pressure on banks to sell bonds in order to meet their cash needs. The central bank also eased lending terms through its discount window.7 While these measures provided relief to equity markets in general, bank stocks continued to struggle into the new week due at least in part to the ambiguity that persists around the programs.

Seeking Resilience Through Selectivity and Diversification

Portfolios managed by the Global Value team had no direct exposure to Silicon Valley Bank or Signature Bank. Within the broader financial sector, our exposure includes large money center and super-regional banks and financial services companiesall of whom rank among the top 10 largest in the US by assetsalongside niche insurers, insurance brokers, payments networks, and clearing and custody platforms.

First Eagles Global Value team previously has expressed concern about the potential risk of a financial accident emerging somewhere in the system. We saw a number of burgeoning threats materialize in 2022; all ultimately failed to inflict wide-spread damage, and we are hopeful that the current tumult in the banking sector will play out with similarly limited systemic impact. At the same time, however, the periodic emergence of such events may suggest a broader set of troubling tectonics shifting under-neath the surface.

Given our focus on avoiding the permanent impairment of capital, the Global Value team has long sought to build resilience in our portfolios from the bottom up. This has meant searching for companies with track records of stability in the face of market volatility and macroeconomic weakness, with pricing power that can be exploited in inflationary environments, with scarce assets and strong capital structures that may serve as a buffer against rising interest rates, and with prudent management teams. This also has meant investing in such companies only when we can do so at what we believe to be margin of safety to our estimate of intrinsic value.8 While we have seen broad dislocation across financial stocks over the past week, we are confident that our investment philosophy and process will help mitigate the worst of the downsideand may potentially reveal attractive buying oppor-tunities in names undeservedly caught up in the downdraft.

We are also mindful of the importance of diversification as a guiding investment principle, and our portfolios represent carefully curated and balanced collections of businesses we believe have strong competitive positions in a variety of industries and geographic markets. Our benchmark-agnostic perspective supports our disciplined approach to business selection, enabling thoughtful diversification rather than index-tracking and helping to ensure we are providing clients with truly differentiated invest-ment solutions. Many of our portfolios hold gold-related securities as a potential hedge against adverse market developments, and the metal has performed as we would expect during the current period of uncertainty.

The opinions expressed are not necessarily those of the firm and are subject to change based on market and other conditions. These materials are provided for informa-tional purposes only. These opinions are not intended to be a forecast of future events, a guarantee of future results, or investment advice. Any statistics contained hereinhave been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but the accuracy of this information cannot be guaranteed. The views expressed herein may change at any time subsequent to the date of issue hereof. The information provided is not to be construed as a recommendation or an offer to buy or sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy or sell any security. Past performance does not guarantee future results.

1. Source: FactSet; data as of March 13, 2023.
2. Source: Wall Street Journal; data as of March 12, 2023.
3. Source: Silicon Valley Bank; data as of March 8, 2023.
4. Source: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; data as of March 10, 2023.
5. Source: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation; data as of March 12, 2023.
6. Source: Bloomberg; data as of March 13, 2023.
7. Source: Federal Reserve; as of March 12, 2023.
8. First Eagle defines margin of safety as the difference between a companys market price and our estimate of its intrinsic value. Intrinsic value is based on our judg-ment of what a prudent and rational business buyer would pay in cash for all of a company in normal markets.