1708 ET - Nscale CEO Josh Payne says the bottlenecks to AI-powered progress are more wide-reaching than just a shortage in chips. In a letter included in the company's IPO filing, Payne says highlighting data centers and the underlying land and power as critical chokepoints, along with silicon and software. "Every layer is a bottleneck. If any layer is constrained, it impacts everything above it. If any layer is not optimized, it slows down everything above it," Payne writes. "The entire vertical stack must be integrated from the ground up as a single unified system, delivered globally, at scale, with the highest performance."