Federal Reserve officials continue to show diverging views on the outlook for interest rates.

Philadelphia Fed President Anna Paulson, a 2026 FOMC voter, stated Tuesday that she will keep an open mind on the direction of monetary policy, with the sustainability of core inflation declines being the key factor in her assessment.

In a published article, Paulson outlined two possible scenarios: If inflation data continues to improve and inflation expectations remain stable, the current interest rate level may already be "moderately restrictive" enough to bring inflation back to the 2% target within a reasonable timeframe. However, if core inflation remains persistently high, it could signal that current policy is not restrictive enough, warranting further tightening.

"I am keeping an open mind on the policy path," she wrote.

These remarks come just days after the Fed held rates steady for the fifth consecutive meeting. During that session, three officials voted for a 25-basis-point rate hike, arguing that modest tightening could reduce the risk of having to implement larger increases later. This highlights the growing internal divisions within the Fed.

Core inflation remains the focus

Paulson stated she estimates the current core inflation rate is running between 2.4% and 2.8%, significantly above the Fed's 2% target.

While acknowledging the improvement in some recent inflation data, she adopted a cautious tone. "The improvement in some recent inflation data is encouraging; it's a step in the right direction, but it's only one step," Paulson wrote. She emphasized that the persistently elevated level of core inflation is the metric she watches most closely when assessing policy progress.

According to Bloomberg, the Fed's preferred inflation gauge, the Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) price index, fell 0.1% month-over-month in June. The core PCE index, which excludes food and energy, also rose less than expected, pointing to overall cooling inflation. Meanwhile, inflation-adjusted consumer spending rose 0.4% month-over-month, matching the strongest pace since July of the previous year, indicating continued demand resilience.

Labor market stable, external factors create new variables

In her overall assessment of the economy, Paulson noted that the labor market remains stable and currently does not add extra pressure on monetary policy.

However, she pointed to two external risks: The conflict in the Middle East introduces uncertainty and creates upward pressure on inflation, while the boom in artificial intelligence infrastructure investment is pushing up prices in some sectors but also driving overall economic growth. These two opposing forces add complexity to policy judgment.

As a voting member of the FOMC this year, Paulson's statements carry direct weight for market assessments of the rate path.

Policy divergence deepens, markets await more data

The dissenting votes from three officials at the latest Fed meeting are a relatively rare occurrence, reflecting substantive differences among policymakers regarding inflation risks and policy direction.

Paulson's stance differs notably from these three hawkish officials. She did not explicitly support a rate hike, instead emphasizing that "incoming data" will guide her decisions. This approach suggests that the trajectory of core inflation over the coming months will be a key observation window for determining whether the Fed shifts its policy stance.

For investors, the spectrum of views within the Fed, ranging from hawkish to wait-and-see, has increased uncertainty over the short-term rate path. The market will continue to closely monitor every inflation and employment data release.