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文 | 新浪財經 李欣然
東亞與東北亞地區正站在可持續發展的關鍵十字路口。這一區域既是全球最具活力的經濟增長極，也面臨着氣候變化、人口結構轉型、技術革命等多重系統性挑戰的疊加考驗。從政策協調困境到能源轉型壓力，從企業合規需求到社會老齡化趨勢，各國在追求高質量發展的進程中，既展現出獨特的實踐智慧，也暴露出深層次的治理難題。
在此背景下，新浪財經對話聯合國亞洲及太平洋經濟社會委員會（UN ESCAP，中文簡稱「亞太經社會」,）東亞及東北亞辦事處主任岡包勒德·巴森扎布 (Ganbold Baasanjav) ，探討東亞在可持續發展中的關鍵挑戰與應對路徑，以及如何構建更具韌性、包容性和協同性的區域治理體系。
聯合國亞洲及太平洋經濟社會委員會東亞及東北亞辦事處主任 Ganbold Baasanjav強化區域機制，破解治理碎片化困局
巴森扎布指出，各國普遍面臨的關鍵挑戰之一是跨部門和跨層級的政策碎片化問題，這通常源於職責分工不同與溝通不足。他提到，各國正日益採取「整體政府」治理模式。此類機制與亞太經社會等區域委員會的職能相契合——作為亞太地區最具包容性的政府間平台，亞太經社會在可持續發展關鍵政策領域開展工作。因此，巴森扎布表示，可通過多個切入點與成員國及多元利益相關方協作應對共性問題，包括治理挑戰。
在巴森扎布看來，一項核心治理挑戰在於確保數據可靠性以支撐循證決策。建立數字監測體系、填補數據缺口至關重要，這不僅需要數據可獲取，更要求指標充分細分。他進一步說明，生產此類數據需要中央與地方當局投入大量精力，並高度依賴公衆信任（尤其要防止數據濫用），這也凸顯了健全數據隱私法律及嚴格執法的必要性。相關工作不僅涉及國家統計機構，還延伸至負責社會、環境和數據管理職能的各行業部委與機構，導致協調難度加大。民間團體和私營部門等其他利益相關方可提供寶貴的質性信息，但這些信息也需經過專業解讀才能轉化為有效行動。巴森扎布介紹，亞太經社會通過可持續發展目標統計、官方數據系統現代化、大數據、數據科學及數據整合等項目，支持各國政府運用及時優質的數據加強循證治理。
巴森扎布還強調，當挑戰涉及跨境性質時，治理方面需特別考量，這些領域往往缺乏國家間及相關利益相關方的聯合行動機制。對此，《2030年可持續發展議程》作為一項普遍性議程，正是推動建設性對話的有機聚合點。在此背景下，亞太經社會作為中立召集者，積極推動跨境議題合作。他指出， 「東北亞環境合作計劃」已成為中國等六國應對空氣污染、低碳城市、生物多樣性與自然保護、海洋保護區及荒漠化與土地退化等區域環境問題的綜合性政府間合作框架。區域框架與協定對於強化各國在機構協調和政策連貫性等治理挑戰方面的承諾至關重要。巴森扎布補充說，亞太經社會已與亞太地區實施貿易、運輸、能源和數字化互聯互通區域協定的國家建立了堅實夥伴關係。
巴森扎布同時談到，在東亞和東北亞地區，可持續發展的關鍵治理挑戰還體現在持續存在的孖展約束——尤其是難以調動充足、目標一致且可預測的長期可持續發展目標實施資源。儘管財政能力相對較強，但公共預算受人口結構變化、氣候適應需求和危機後復甦壓力所限，制約了對轉型政策的持續投資。跨部門、跨層級的碎片化孖展，以及調動私人資本工具的不足，進一步加劇了這一問題。在他看來，彌補這些缺口需要建立更完善的綜合孖展框架，加強財政、規劃與行業部門間的協調，並擴大混合孖展運用以吸引私人投資。在區域層面，亞太經社會平台可通過推廣統一標準、便利發展孖展與綠色資金獲取、支持可持續發展目標創新孖展方案的同行交流等方式發揮積極作用。
從合規到增長：ESG是企業贏得未來發展的戰略基石
巴森扎布指出，必須認識到，健全的ESG框架能為企業帶來顯著效益。在產品與服務設計階段就儘早考量合規要求，有助於企業預判不斷發展的監管期望，並降低未來的轉型風險。在東亞乃至全球範圍內，政府與跨國公司已大幅擴展了ESG信息披露要求，涵蓋勞動保護、碳排放及與可持續發展相關的稅收等領域。巴森扎布認為，那些主動規劃並履行這些義務的企業，能通過減少由合規問題引發的銷售與運營中斷，更好地保持在國內外市場的准入資格。
巴森扎布進一步強調，除了降低風險，ESG合規還能提升企業在供應鏈中的聲譽價值與競爭力。採用公認標準與認證的企業，更有可能成為那些尋求穩定、有韌性與透明供應鏈網絡的大型公司的優選和可信賴的供應商。因此，嚴格遵守信息披露與可持續發展框架，有助於企業獲得更穩定的收入來源和實現長期增長。巴森扎布表示，政策工具與市場機制——例如綠色公共採購、貿易與認證生態系統、國際ISO標準等——可能促進也可能制約企業的發展，這取決於企業與這些機制的契合程度。此外，在不少國家，金融機構越來越多地向符合公認ESG標準的企業提供更優惠的孖展條件，包括更低利率或更便捷的資本獲取渠道。
巴森扎布介紹說，亞太經社會通過其下設的「亞太經社會可持續商業網絡（ESBN）」及其專題工作組，將商業界作為實現可持續發展的重要合作伙伴，並通過「亞太商業論壇」促進公私部門對話。ESBN的成員來自亞太地區各行各業的領先企業高管與代表。該網絡成功推動了「亞太企業綠色協議」倡議，這彰顯了一種共同信念，即企業必須在區域的綠色轉型中發揮引領作用。
中國可持續發展：成就顯著但轉型之路任重道遠
巴森扎布指出，中國在實現可持續發展目標方面已取得顯著進展。例如，中國承諾到2030年實現碳達峯、2060年實現碳中和，這為提升氣候行動雄心提供了變革性路徑。
他強調，中國還歷史性地消除了極端貧困，並持續致力於改善國內社會生活質量，同時考慮到家庭結構的變化，例如對性別議題響應度的提升以及人口老齡化趨勢。
巴森扎布表示，中國一直是亞太經社會在推進《2030年可持續發展議程》所需進展方面的重要合作伙伴。中國的國家政策具有堅實支撐，致力於實現更綠色、更包容的經濟發展。他認為，中國可依託自身經驗及在區域的戰略角色，通過與其他國家合作創造協作機會，從而進一步擴大可持續發展集體行動。他進一步指出，中國積極參與區域和次區域政府間平台——例如亞太可持續發展論壇、東北亞地區可持續發展目標多方論壇等——通過分享最佳實踐和經驗教訓，旨在為亞太國家（特別是最不發達國家、內陸發展中國家和小島嶼發展中國家）實現17項可持續發展目標的努力提供信息、賦能和支持。
在巴森扎布看來，中國在進一步加速能源轉型方面仍存在較大空間。這包括通過擴大可再生能源和清潔技術製造業逐步減少對煤炭的依賴，加強儲能解決方案，並引導資本高效流向經濟可行的投資區域。同時，這一轉型需要解決關鍵基礎設施需求，包括髮展新的輸電線路和加強跨境電力互聯以支持清潔能源整合。他強調，實現這些目標需要大量投資，並需進一步協調監管和制度框架。
巴森扎布認為，進一步推廣基於自然的解決方案和發展循環經濟，可能還需要從根本上轉變我們對產品和服務生產、分銷、消費及回收處理的思維方式。例如，從塑料製品轉向玻璃生態系統，確保城鄉環境清潔，這不僅需要政府和私營部門參與，也需要個人共同努力營造宜居的清潔綠色環境。他介紹說，為此，東亞和東北亞次區域辦事處每年組織國際低碳城市論壇，展示區域內城市通過小型試點和大型實施項目減少碳足跡的努力。許多案例在美化城市環境的同時也展示了來自中國的實踐項目。
東亞未來發展的三大課題：氣候韌性、人口轉型與數字治理
展望未來，巴森扎布表示東亞和東北亞正面臨若干將影響我們日常生活的重大趨勢。
首先是已引起廣泛討論的氣候變化問題。巴森扎布指出，該區域可能面臨更頻繁的災害影響。通過建設可持續、有韌性的基礎設施，可以在一定程度上減緩其影響，同時降低風險衝擊，但最終仍需進一步擴大規模，以最小化長期的干擾與損害。他強調，此類行動已顯現積極成效，例如空氣質量的改善，將在未來數十年持續惠及本區域居民健康，但相關進展仍需加速推進。
巴森扎布進一步分析，另外兩大趨勢雖屬不同範疇，卻緊密相連——當前全球多國正同時經歷人口老齡化與勞動力萎縮。這反映了醫療與教育領域取得的成就，使人們得以享有更長壽命、更優質生活。然而，這也給現有勞動力帶來巨大壓力，需通過擴充養老及醫療體系來提升生產力，以支撐日益增長的非勞動人口。他指出，AI等數字技術的應用雖提升了生產效率，卻也可能導致無法適應技術快速變化的人羣被數字化進程邊緣化，進而加劇數字鴻溝。同時，數據治理、存儲與隱私問題已引發普遍的國家安全關切。
巴森扎布認為，在持續完善全民社會保護體系的同時，必須同等重視供給與需求側的平衡，避免養老和醫療系統承受過重負擔。推動全民健康生活、降低醫療干預需求、發展普惠醫藥、鼓勵家庭成員靈活照護，不僅有助於增進家庭關係，也能有效控制系統成本。此外，可探索彈性工作安排、鼓勵有參與意願的老年人從事志願服務，以保持其身心活躍狀態。
他特別強調，AI與數字化轉型尚處於初始階段，其影響將深度重塑年輕一代的教育與培養方式。巴森扎布表示，中國擁有如DeepSeek等關鍵開源AI工具，可引領區域多邊對話，推動建立符合倫理、包容普惠的AI治理框架，協同應對教育、標準、隱私及經濟等亞太地區普遍關切的議題。
以下為英文原文：
Q: ESCAP has consistently emphasized regional coordinated action to achieve the SDGs. In East and Northeast Asia, what do you observe as the most common governance challenges faced by countries in their sustainable development policies? And what do you see as potential ways to address these challenges?
A: Some of the key common challenges have been policy fragmentation across agencies and levels of government, typically driven by differing mandates and insufficient communication. In response, countries have increasingly adopted whole‑of‑government approaches. These arrangements are aligned with the function of regional commissions such as ESCAP which covers the most inclusive intergovernmental platform in the Asia-Pacific region carrying out work in key policy areas on sustainable development. As such, we have several entry points to work with ESCAP member States and multi-stakeholders on addressing common issues, including governance challenges.
A key governance challenge is ensuring robust data for evidence-based policymaking. Building digital monitoring systems and closing data gaps are essential, requiring not only accessible data but also sufficiently disaggregated metrics. Producing such data demands significant effort from both local and national authorities and relies heavily on public trust, particularly to prevent misuse, which also highlights the need for strong data-privacy laws and enforcement. These efforts extend beyond national statistical offices to line ministries and agencies responsible for social, environmental and data-management functions, making coordination difficult. Additional stakeholders, such as civil society and the private sector, can provide valuable, often qualitative information that must also be properly interpreted to become actionable. ESCAP supports governments in using timely, high-quality data to strengthen evidence-based governance, including through SDG statistics, modernization of official data systems, big data, data science and data integration initiatives.
Other key considerations on governance arise when challenges are transboundary in nature, such as those involving environment and connectivity, where joint action mechanisms among countries and relevant stakeholders may be lacking. To this end, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which is a universal agenda is the organic convergence point that can help facilitate constructive dialogue. In this context, ESCAP as a neutral convenor has facilitated initiatives on transboundary issues. In our subregion, the North‑East Asia Subregional Programme for Environmental Cooperation serves as a comprehensive intergovernmental cooperation framework among six countries including China addressing environmental challenges in North-East Asia, covering air pollution, low carbon cities, biodiversity and nature conservation, marine protected areas and desertification and land degradation. Regional frameworks and agreements are key in reinforcing commitments of countries to address governance challenges such as institutional coordination and policy coherence. ESCAP has built strong partnerships with countries implementing regional agreements in Asia and the Pacific on connectivity covering trade, transport, energy and digitalization.
In East and Northeast Asia, a key governance challenge for sustainable development is persistent financing constraints, especially the difficulty of mobilizing sufficient, well-aligned and predictable resources for long-term SDG implementation. Despite relatively strong fiscal capacities, public budgets are pressured by demographic change, climate adaptation needs and post-crisis recovery, limiting sustained investment in transformative policies. Fragmented financing across sectors and government levels, along with limited tools to leverage private capital, further exacerbates the issue. Addressing these gaps requires stronger integrated financing frameworks, improved coordination among finance, planning and line ministries, and expanded use of blended finance to attract private investment. At the regional level, ESCAP platforms can help by promoting shared standards, facilitating access to development and green finance, and supporting peer learning on innovative SDG-aligned financing solutions.
Q: Although some enterprises have recognized the importance of sustainable development, many still view incorporating environmental and social factors as an additional operational cost and a burden. How do you think we can persuade the private sector to engage more in sustainable development? What benefits can sustainable development bring to businesses?
A: It is important to recognize that robust environmental and social governance (ESG) frameworks, particularly when aligned with sustainable development objectives, can deliver significant benefits for companies, including start‑ups. Early consideration of compliance requirements in the design of products and services allows firms to anticipate evolving regulatory expectations and reduce future transition risks. Across East Asia and globally, governments and multinational corporations have significantly expanded ESG disclosure requirements, covering areas such as labour protections, carbon emissions, and sustainability‑related taxation. Companies that proactively plan for these obligations are better positioned to maintain market access, both domestically and internationally, by minimizing compliance‑related disruptions to sales and operations.
Beyond risk mitigation, ESG compliance can also enhance companies’ reputational value and competitiveness within supply chains. Firms that adopt recognized standards and certifications are more likely to become preferred or trusted suppliers for larger companies seeking stable, resilient, and transparent supply networks. Strong compliance with disclosure and sustainability frameworks can therefore support more stable revenue streams and long‑term growth. Policy tools and market mechanisms—such as green public procurement, trade and certification ecosystems, and international ISO standards—can either enable or constrain corporate growth, depending on a firm's level of alignment. In addition, in several countries, financial institutions increasingly offer preferential financing conditions, including lower interest rates or improved access to capital, to companies that demonstrate compliance with recognized ESG standards.
ESCAP engages business as a partner in achieving sustainable development through the ESCAP Sustainable Business Network (ESBN) and its task forces and facilitates public and private sector dialogue through the Asia-Pacific Business Forum (APBF). ESBN consists of executives and representatives of leading businesses in a wide range of industries and sectors from across the Asia-Pacific region. The network was able to broker the "Asia-Pacific Green Deal for Business" initiative which demonstrate the conviction that businesses must take a leading role in the green transformation of the region.
Q: How do you assess China's progress in the field of sustainable development? What suggestions do you have for China to achieve greener and more inclusive economic development in the future?
A: Sustainable development is a policy priority for China and the country has been making significant strides in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For instance, China's commitment to carbon peaking by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 provides a transformative pathway to raise the climate action ambition.
There is also the historic eradication of extreme poverty in China, and its continued efforts at improving social quality of life within the country, taking into account the changing family dynamics, such as increasing responsiveness to gender issues and the ongoing demographic transition to an older population.
China has been a longstanding partner of ESCAP in advancing much needed progress in the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development. China has strong anchors in its national policies on achieving greener and more inclusive economic development. China could leverage from its experiences and strategic role in the region by engaging with other countries in creating opportunities for collaboration to further amplify sustainable development collective action. In this regard, China has actively engaged in regional and subregional intergovernmental platforms which aim to inform, empower, and support Asia-Pacific countries (especially least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States) in their efforts to achieve the 17 SDGs by sharing best practices and lessons learned. These include the Asia-Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development (APFSD) as well as the East and North-East Asia Multi-Stakeholder Forum on the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.
However, there remains considerable scope to further accelerate the energy transition. This includes supporting a gradual shift away from coal through the expansion of renewable energy and clean-technology manufacturing, strengthening energy storage solutions, and facilitating the efficient movement of capital to regions where such investments are economically viable. At the same time, this transition will require addressing critical infrastructure needs, including the development of new transmission lines and enhanced cross-border power interconnectivity to support clean energy integration. Achieving this will entail significant investment, alongside greater alignment of regulatory and institutional frameworks.
The further promotion of nature-based solutions as well as the circular economy may also require structural shifts in thinking in how we deal with the production, distribution, consumption and collection for disposal of products and services. This involves, for example, the shift away from plastics to for example a glass ecosystem, ensuring clean streets and rural spaces, which involves not only governments and private sector participation but also the efforts of individuals to participate in providing a clean and green environment that they would like to live in. To this end, our office at ENEA organizes an annual International Low Carbon Cities Forum that showcases efforts across the region by cities through small pilots and large scale implementation of efforts to implement solutions at reducing the carbon footprint of cities while in many cases also beautifying cities for residents, which also showcases projects from China.
This will require lifelong learning, education, and in some cases, the change of lifestyle habits. Such cultural changes are typically not fast and requires concerted efforts by all to achieve lasting progress, but I believe that pilot projects that we do see are encouraging as to the future of sustainable development in China.
Q: What megatrends do you believe will impact the social development of East and Northeast Asia in the future (e.g., aging populations, AI development, etc.)? What further efforts do you think are needed to achieve the UN 2030 Agenda?
A: There are several megatrends ongoing that will impact East and North-east Asia, several of which we are already experiencing in how we conduct our daily lives.
The first is of course something we are already talking about which is climate change and the potential for increased impacts of disasters that may take place in the region. This can be somewhat slowed down through the implementation of sustainable and resilient infrastructure; while also mitigating risks impacts but is something we ultimately need to scale further to minimize longer term disruptions and impacts. We already see some positives from action here, such as having cleaner air, which will also translate to better health outcomes for residents in the region over the decades ahead but should continue to accelerate progress.
The next two megatrends are somewhat closely linked together despite occupying very different categories, as you may know much of the world is experiencing both ageing and shrinking workforces, which shows the successes of healthcare and education in ensuring that people are able to live longer and more comfortable lives. However, this places significant stress on the existing workforce to become more productive in supporting the growing population through an expanded pensions and healthcare system. To that end, we have seen productivity gains through the increasing use of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, however, at the risk of digitally displacing people who are unable to keep up with the constant changes in technology. This risks further exacerbating the digital divide and as we have seen, there are also concerns around national security over data governance, storage and privacy.
While further progress in ensuring adequate social protection for all is necessary, it is also just as important to work on the supply and demand side of the equation, ensuring that overall costs to the pensions and healthcare systems are not overwhelmed. Efforts ensuring people live overall healthier lives that require less medical intervention, cheaper medications, and ability for family members to flexibly care for each other can contribute to better relationships, while also keeping costs for the system under control. Flexible working arrangements, volunteerism for people still interested in maintaining active lives can also be considered, while also ensuring they stay mentally and physically active.
Furthermore, the AI and digital transition is only at the beginning stages and is likely to also impact the way we educate and train the younger generations. To that end, China with key open source AI tools such as DeepSeek, can help to guide the multilateral conversation in the region on how we can achieve ethical and inclusive governance around AI tools, which also includes the education, standards, privacy and economic issues that are highly prevalent to all across the Asia-Pacific region.
新浪財經ESG評級中心簡介
新浪財經ESG評級中心是業內首箇中文ESG專業資訊和評級聚合平台，致力於宣傳和推廣可持續發展，責任投資，與ESG（環境、社會和公司治理）價值理念，傳播ESG的企業實踐行動和榜樣力量，推動中國ESG事業的發展，促進中國ESG評估標準的建立和企業評級的提升。
依託ESG評級中心，新浪財經發布多隻ESG創新指數，為關注企業ESG表現的投資者提供更多選擇。同時，新浪財經成立中國ESG領導者組織論壇，攜手中國ESG領導企業和合作伙伴，通過環境、社會和公司治理理念，推動建立適合中國時代特徵的ESG評價標準體系，促進中國資產管理行業ESG投資發展。
責任編輯：李欣然